Who Created the National Archives Who Built the National Gallery of Art
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| Location in Washington, D.C. Show map of Washington, D.C. National Gallery of Art (the The states) Show map of the United States | |
| Established | 1937 (1937) |
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| Location | National Mall between 3rd and 9th Streets at Constitution Artery NW, Washington, DC, 20565, National Mall, Washington, D.C. |
| Coordinates | 38°53′29″N 77°01′12″Westward / 38.89139°N 77.02000°Due west / 38.89139; -77.02000 Coordinates: 38°53′29″North 77°01′12″Due west / 38.89139°N 77.02000°W / 38.89139; -77.02000 |
| Collection size | 75,000 prints |
| Visitors | 1,704,606 (2021) – ranked sixth globally[ane] |
| Director | Kaywin Feldman |
| President | Mitchell Rales |
| Chairperson | Sharon Rockefeller |
| Public transit access |  Washington Metro:  Judiciary Square   athenaeum    Smithsonian  50'Enfant Metrobus: 4th Street and 7th Street NW DC Circulator: 4th Street and Madison Bulldoze; 9th Street and Constitution Avenue NW |
| Website | nga.gov |
The National Gallery of Art, and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., U.s.a., located on the National Mall, between tertiary and 9th Streets, at Constitution Avenue NW. Open to the public and gratuitous of accuse, the museum was privately established in 1937 for the American people past a articulation resolution of the United states of america Congress. Andrew W. Mellon donated a substantial art collection and funds for construction. The cadre collection includes major works of art donated by Paul Mellon, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel Henry Kress, Blitz Harrison Kress, Peter Arrell Browne Widener, Joseph Eastward. Widener, and Chester Dale. The Gallery'south collection of paintings, drawings, prints, photographs, sculpture, medals, and decorative arts traces the evolution of Western Art from the Center Ages to the present, including the just painting past Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas and the largest mobile created by Alexander Calder.
The Gallery's campus includes the original neoclassical West Building designed by John Russell Pope, which is linked secret to the modern East Edifice, designed by I. M. Pei, and the vi.1-acre (25,000 m2) Sculpture Garden. The Gallery oftentimes presents temporary special exhibitions spanning the globe and the history of art. It is 1 of the largest museums in North America.
For the breadth, scope, and magnitude of its collections, the National Gallery is widely considered to be one of the greatest museums in the United States of America, oftentimes ranking alongside the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the Fine art Institute of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. Of the top 3 art museums in the United States by almanac visitors, it is the only 1 that has no access fee. in 2021 information technology attracted 1,704,606 visitors, and ranked fifth on the list of most visited art museums in the globe.[2]
History [edit]
Origins [edit]
Andrew W. Mellon, Pittsburgh banker and Treasury Secretary from 1921 until 1932, began gathering a private collection of old master paintings and sculptures during World War I. During the late 1920s, Mellon decided to direct his collecting efforts towards the institution of a new national gallery for the Usa.
In 1930, partly for tax reasons, Mellon formed the A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, which was to be the legal owner of works intended for the gallery. In 1930–1931, the Trust made its first major conquering, 21 paintings from the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg as part of the Soviet auction of Hermitage paintings, including such masterpieces as Raphael's Alba Madonna, Titian'due south Venus with a Mirror, and January van Eyck'due south Annunciation.
In 1929 Mellon had initiated contact with the recently appointed Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Charles Greeley Abbot. Mellon was appointed in 1931 every bit a Commissioner of the Institution's National Gallery of Art. When the manager of the Gallery retired, Mellon asked Abbot not to appoint a successor, as he proposed to endow a new edifice with funds for expansion of the collections.
Nevertheless, Mellon's trial for tax evasion, centering on the Trust and the Hermitage paintings, caused the plan to be modified. In 1935, Mellon announced in The Washington Star his intention to establish a new gallery for onetime masters, separate from the Smithsonian. When asked past Abbot, he explained that the projection was in the hands of the Trust and that its decisions were partly dependent on "the attitude of the Regime towards the souvenir".
In January 1937, Mellon formally offered to create the new Gallery. On his birthday, 24 March 1937, an Act of Congress accustomed the collection and building funds (provided through the Trust), and approved the structure of a museum on the National Mall.
The new gallery was to exist finer self-governing, not controlled by the Smithsonian, but took the onetime proper name "National Gallery of Art" while the Smithsonian's gallery would exist renamed the "National Drove of Fine Arts" (now the Smithsonian American Art Museum).[3] [4] [5]
Construction and later history [edit]
The museum stands on the former site of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, where in 1881 a disgruntled office seeker, Charles Guiteau, shot President James Garfield (meet James A. Garfield assassination).[6] The station was demolished in 1908 because it did not suit to the McMillan Plan for the Mall. In 1918, temporary war buildings were constructed on the site; these were demolished by 1921 to construct the foundation of the George Washington Memorial Edifice, which was never completed. The site was then reassigned to the new National Gallery of Art.[7]
Designed by architect John Russell Pope, the new structure was completed and accepted past President Franklin D. Roosevelt on behalf of the American people on March 17, 1941. At the fourth dimension of its inception it was the largest marble construction in the world. Neither Mellon nor Pope lived to run across the museum completed; both died in late August 1937, only two months after excavation had begun.[6]
As anticipated by Mellon, the creation of the National Gallery encouraged the donation of other substantial art collections by a number of individual donors. Founding benefactors included such individuals as Paul Mellon, Samuel H. Kress, Rush H. Kress, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Chester Dale, Joseph Widener, Lessing J. Rosenwald and Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch.
The Gallery'south Due east Building was synthetic in the 1970s on much of the remaining land left over from the original congressional action. Andrew Mellon'due south children, Paul Mellon and Ailsa Mellon Bruce, funded the building. Designed by architect I. M. Pei, the contemporary structure was completed in 1978 and was opened on June i of that year by President Jimmy Carter. The new building was built to house the Museum's collection of modern paintings, drawings, sculptures, and prints, as well equally study and research centers and offices. The design received a National Honor Award from the American Establish of Architects in 1981.
The final addition to the complex is the National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden. Completed and opened to the public on May 23, 1999, the location provides an outdoor setting for exhibiting a number of large pieces from the Museum'due south contemporary sculpture drove.
In 2011, an extensive refurbishment and renovation of the French galleries were undertaken. As part of the commemoration of the reopening of this wing, organist Alexander Frey performed iv sold-out recitals of music of France in one weekend in the French Gallery.
Operations [edit]
The National Gallery of Art is supported through a private-public partnership. The Us federal government provides funds, through annual appropriations, to back up the museum'south operations and maintenance. All artwork, as well equally special programs, are provided through individual donations and funds.[8] The museum is non function of the Smithsonian Institution.
Noted directors of the National Gallery have included David Eastward. Finley, Jr. (1938-1956), John Walker (1956–1968), and J. Carter Chocolate-brown (1968–1993). Earl A. "Rusty" Powell III was named director in 1993. In March 2019 he was succeeded by Kaywin Feldman, past director and president of the Minneapolis Plant of Art.[9] [10] The museum hired Evelyn Carmen Ramos, the start woman and the first person of color to be the principal curatorial and conservation officeholder, in 2021.[xi]
The president of the museum is billionaire businessman Mitchell Rales and its chairperson is Sharon Rockefeller.[12]
Entry to both buildings of the National Gallery of Art is gratuitous of charge. The museum is open up daily from 10 a.m. – v p.grand. It is closed on December 25 and Jan 1.[13]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Gallery was largely closed to the public. Nevertheless, visitors were able to schedule appointments to access the west building in small numbers.[14]
Architecture [edit]
Exhibitions in the West Edifice
Exhibitions in the East Building
Walkway to West Building and Cascade Cafe in National Gallery of Art, Washington.D.C.
The museum comprises two buildings: the Westward Building (1941) and the East Building (1978) linked past an hole-and-corner passage. The West Building, composed of pink Tennessee marble, was designed in 1937 by architect John Russell Pope in a neoclassical style (as is Pope'south other notable edifice in Washington, D.C., the Jefferson Memorial). Designed in the grade of an elongated H, the building is centered on a domed rotunda modeled on the interior of the Pantheon in Rome. Extending eastward and west from the rotunda, a pair of skylit sculpture halls provide its principal circulation spine. Bright garden courts provide a counterpoint to the long main centrality of the edifice.
Dome of Due west Building, an entrance to permanent Renaissance Fine art collections
Indoor garden court with paired Ionic columns and symmetrical planting beds. August 2021.
The West Edifice has an extensive collection of paintings and sculptures by European masters from the medieval period through the belatedly 19th century, also as pre-20th century works by American artists. Highlights of the collection include many paintings past Jan Vermeer, Rembrandt van Rijn, Claude Monet, Vincent van Gogh, and Leonardo da Vinci.
In contrast, the design of the East Building, by architect I. 1000. Pei, is geometrical, dividing the trapezoidal shape of the site into two triangles: one contains public galleries, and the other houses a library, offices, and a written report center. The triangles constitute a motif that is echoed throughout the building, realized in every dimension.
The East Building'south key characteristic is a loftier atrium designed as an open interior court that is enclosed by a sculptural infinite spanning sixteen,000 sq ft (one,500 mii). The atrium is centered on the aforementioned axis that forms the circulation spine for the Due west Building and is synthetic in the same Tennessee marble.[15]
Even so, in 2005 the joints attaching the marble panels to the walls began to prove signs of strain, creating a take a chance that panels might autumn onto visitors below. In 2008, NGA officials decided that it had become necessary to remove and reinstall all of the panels. The renovation was completed in 2016.[xvi]
The East Building focuses on modern and contemporary art, with a collection including works by Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Alexander Calder, a 1977 mural by Robert Motherwell and works past many other artists. The East Building besides contains the main offices of the NGA and a large research facility, Middle for Avant-garde Study in the Visual Arts (CASVA). Among the highlights of the Due east Building in 2012 was an exhibition of Barnett Newman's The Stations of the Cantankerous series of 14 black and white paintings (1958–66).[17] Newman painted them after he had recovered from a heart assail; they are commonly regarded as the superlative of his achievement.[ citation needed ] The serial has also been seen as a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.[18]
The two buildings are connected by a walkway beneath 4th street, called "the Concourse" on the museum'southward map. In 2008, the National Gallery of Art commissioned American creative person Leo Villareal to transform the Concourse into an artistic installation. Today, Multiverse is the largest and almost circuitous low-cal sculpture by Villareal featuring approximately 41,000 figurer-programmed LED nodes that run through channels forth the entire 200 ft (61 grand)-long space.[nineteen] The concourse as well includes the nutrient court and a gift shop.
The terminal element of the National Gallery of Art complex, the Sculpture Garden was completed in 1999 after more than 30 years of planning. To the due west of the Due west Building, on the opposite side of Seventh Street, the half-dozen.1 acres (2.5 ha) Sculpture Garden was designed past landscape architect Laurie Olin[20] as an outdoor gallery for awe-inspiring modern sculpture.
The Sculpture Garden contains plantings of Native American species of canopy and flowering trees, shrubs, ground covers, and perennials. A round reflecting pool and fountain form the middle of its design, which arching pathways of granite and crushed stone complement. (The pool becomes an ice-skating rink during the wintertime.) The sculptures exhibited in the surrounding landscaped expanse include pieces by Marc Chagall, David Smith, Mark Di Suvero, Roy Lichtenstein, Sol LeWitt, Tony Smith, Roxy Paine, Joan Miró, Louise Bourgeois, and Hector Guimard.[21]
The lobby of National gallery of Art East Building
Taken at the exterior wall of National gallery of Art E Edifice
Renovations [edit]
The NGA's W Edifice was renovated from 2007 to 2009. Although some galleries closed for periods of time, others remained open.[22]
Subsequently congressional testimony that the East Building suffered from "systematic structural failures", NGA adopted a Main Renovations Plan in 1999. This programme established the timeline for closing the building, and planned for the renovation of the electronic security systems, elevators, and HVAC.[23] Space between the ceilings of existing galleries and the building's skylights (which was never completed when the edifice was constructed in 1978)[23] would be renovated into ii, 23 ft (7.0 m) high, hexagonal Tower Galleries. The galleries would accept a combined 12,260 sq ft (ane,139 chiliadtwo) of space and volition exist lit by skylights. A rooftop sculpture garden would also be added. NGA officials said that the Belfry Galleries would probably house modern art, and the creation of a distinct "Rothko Room" was possible.
Starting time in 2011, NGA undertook an $85 million restoration of the Eastward Building'south façade.[24] The East Edifice is clad in 3 in (7.6 cm) thick pink marble panels. The panels are held near 2 in (five.i cm) away from the wall past stainless steel anchors. Gravity holds the panel in the bottom anchors (which are placed at each corner), while "button head" anchors (stainless steel posts with large, apartment heads) at the top corners keep the panel upright. Mortar was used on the gravity anchors to level the stones. Joints of flexible colored neoprene were placed between the panels. This system was designed to allow each panel to hang independent of its neighbors, and NGA officials say they are not aware of any other panel system like it.
However, many panels were accidentally mortared together. Seasonal heating and cooling of the façade, infiltration of wet, and shrinkage of the edifice's structural concrete by two in (5.1 cm) over fourth dimension caused extensive damage to the façade. In 2005, regular maintenance showed that some panels were cracked or significantly damaged, while others leaned by more 1 in (two.5 cm) out from the building (threatening to fall).
The NGA hired the structural engineering firm Robert Silman Associates to determine the cause of the problem.[25] Although the Gallery began raising individual funds to fix the issue,[25] eventually federal funding was used to repair the building.[24] In 2012, the NGA chose a articulation venture, Balfour Beatty/Smoot, to complete the repairs. Anodized aluminum anchors replaced the stainless steel ones, and the top corner anchors were moved to the center of the top edge of each rock. The neoprene joints were removed and new colored silicone gaskets installed, and leveling screws rather than mortar used to go along the panels foursquare. Work began in November 2011,[25] and originally was scheduled to stop in 2014.[24] By February 2012, however, the contractor said work on the façade would stop in late 2013, and site restoration would have place in 2014.[25] The Due east Building remained open throughout the projection.[22]
In March 2013, the National Gallery of Fine art announced a $68.4 meg renovation to the E Edifice. This included $38.4 1000000 to refurbish the interior mechanical plant of the structure,[23] and $30 one thousand thousand to create new exhibition infinite.[22] Because the athwart interior infinite of the E Edifice fabricated it incommunicable to close off galleries,[23] the renovation required all only the atrium and offices to shut by December 2013. The structure remained closed for three years. The architectural firm of Hartman-Cox oversaw both aspects of the renovation.[23]
A group of benefactors — which included Victoria and Roger Sant, Mitchell and Emily Rales, and David Rubenstein — privately financed the renovation. The Washington Post reported that the donation was i of the largest the NGA had received in a decade.[22] NGA staff said that they would utilize the closure to conserve artwork, plan purchases, and develop exhibitions. Plans for renovating conservation, structure, exhibition prep, groundskeeping, office, storage, and other internal facilities were also ready, but would not be implemented for many years.[23] [26]
Buildings [edit]
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The West Building shortly later construction, looking southeast from the National Mall
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N face of the West Edifice, with the west side of the East Building and the Us Capitol in background
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South face of the W Building (2014)
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Rotunda of the West Building below dome (2004)
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Oculus of the West Edifice dome (2008)
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West Building sculpture gallery (2007)
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West Building garden court (2010)
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Satellite image of National Gallery of Fine art grounds and surrounding streets (2002)
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Heart of West Building plaza, looking w towards West Building (2010)
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Fountain in West Building plaza (2010)
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View of fountain from concourse beneath Westward Building plaza (2013)
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Center of West Building plaza, looking east towards entrance of East Building (2000)
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S confront of East Building, looking northwest from southeast corner (2010)
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Southwest corner of East Building, looking due east (2007)
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Southwest corner of East Edifice during renovation, looking northeast (2014)
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East Building atrium (2007)
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E Building atrium (2007)
Collection [edit]
Gerard van Honthorst'south monumental 1623 masterwork, The Concert, was acquired by the NGA in 2013 and went on display for the first time in 218 years.
The NGA's collection galleries and Sculpture Garden display European and American paintings, sculpture, works on paper, photographs, and decorative arts. Paintings in the permanent collection date from the Eye Ages to the present. The Italian Renaissance drove includes two panels from Duccio's Maesta, the tondo of the Adoration of the Magi by Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi, a Botticelli work on the aforementioned subject, Giorgione'south Allendale Nativity, Giovanni Bellini'south The Feast of the Gods, Ginevra de' Benci (the only painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas) and groups of works by Titian and Raphael.
The collections include paintings by many European masters, including a version of Saint Martin and the Ragamuffin, by El Greco, and works by Matthias Grünewald, Cranach the Elder, Rogier van der Weyden, Albrecht Dürer, Frans Hals, Rembrandt, Johannes Vermeer, Francisco Goya, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, and Eugène Delacroix, among others. The collection of sculpture and decorative arts includes such works every bit the Chalice of Abbot Suger of St-Denis and a collection of work by Auguste Rodin and Edgar Degas. Other highlights of the permanent collection include the 2d of the 2 original sets of Thomas Cole's series of paintings titled The Voyage of Life, (the commencement prepare is at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute in Utica, New York) and the original version of Watson and the Shark by John Singleton Copley (two other versions are in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Detroit Institute of Arts).
The National Gallery'south print collection comprises 75,000 prints, in addition to rare illustrated books. It includes collections of works by Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, William Blake, Mary Cassatt, Edvard Munch, Jasper Johns, and Robert Rauschenberg. The collection began with 400 prints donated by 5 collectors in 1941. In 1942, Joseph East. Widener donated his entire collection of nearly 2,000 works. In 1943, Lessing Rosenwald donated his collection of 8,000 old principal and modernistic prints; between 1943 and 1979, he donated almost 14,000 more works. In 2008, Dave and Reba White Williams donated their drove of more than than 5,200 American prints.[27]
In 2013, the NGA purchased from a private French collection Gerard van Honthorst's 1623 painting, The Concert, which had non been publicly viewed since 1795. Later on initially displaying the 1.23 by ii.06 g (4.0 past 6.8 ft) The Concert in a special installation in the W Building, the NGA moved the painting to a permanent display in the museum's Dutch and Flemish galleries.[28] Art experts estimated the sale price of The Concert at $20 million, though the NGA did not reveal the corporeality that information technology had paid.[29]
Highlights of the drove [edit]
Selected highlights from the American collection [edit]
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Thomas Cole, A View of the Mountain Pass Called the Notch of the White Mountains (Crawford Notch), 1839
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See also [edit]
- Collections of the National Gallery of Art
- List of original Hermitage paintings in the National Gallery of Art
References [edit]
- ^ The Art Newspaper Review, March 28, 2022
- ^ The Art Newspaper annual museum visitor survey, published March 28, 2022
- ^ Fink, Lois Marie "A History of the Smithsonian American Art Museum", University of Massachusetts Press (2007) ISBN 978-1-55849-616-3, chapter 3
- ^ National Gallery of Art website: general introduction Archived December 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ National Gallery of Art website: chronology Archived April 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "National Gallery of Art, West Building". American Architecture. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ^ "Cultural Landscape Inventory: The Mall (Part 2)" (PDF). U.Southward. National Park Service. 2006. pp. 49, 53, 72. Retrieved 2021-02-22 .
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Major Giving FAQS". www.nga.gov . Retrieved 2022-04-10 .
- ^ Kerr, Euan, "Mia'due south manager volition get out to head National Gallery", Minnesota Public Radio News, December 11, 2018.
- ^ McGlone, Peggy, "The National Gallery of Art will have a female director for the first time in its history", The Washington Post, December 11, 2018.
- ^ Greenberger, Alex (2021-05-13). "Latinx Art Expert Due east. Carmen Ramos Named Chief Curator of National Gallery of Art". ARTnews.com . Retrieved 2021-08-03 .
- ^ Selvin, Claire (2019-09-27). "National Gallery of Art Names Darren Walker Trustee, Mitchell Rales Appointed President". ARTnews . Retrieved 2019-09-28 .
- ^ "National Gallery of Art". Maps and Hours. 2016-01-12. Archived from the original on 2016-01-03.
- ^ "Degas at the Opéra". National Gallery of Art. 2020-08-25.
- ^ NGA.gov Archived October 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Leigh, Catesby (December 8, 2009). "An Ultramodern Building Shows Signs of Age". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March xi, 2016.
- ^ "In The Tower: Barnett Newman". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ^ Menachem Wecker (August i, 2012). "His Cross To Behave. Barnett Newman Dealt With Suffering in 'Zips'". The Jewish Daily Forward. Archived from the original on Feb 4, 2013. Retrieved August eight, 2012.
- ^ "Leo Villareal: Multiverse". www.nga.gov.
- ^ "Well-nigh the Gallery". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ^ "Visit: Sculpture Garden". world wide web.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ^ a b c d Boyle, Katherine and Parker, Lonnae O'Neal. "National Gallery of Art Announces $30 Meg Renovation to Due east Building." Washington Post. March 12, 2013. Archived April 21, 2016, at the Wayback Car Accessed 2013-03-thirteen.
- ^ a b c d e f Boyle, Katherine. "National Gallery Sees Long-Term Benefit in Long Closing of East Building." Washington Mail. March 13, 2013. Archived January 6, 2018, at the Wayback Automobile Accessed 2013-03-22.
- ^ a b c Kelly, John. "Why National Gallery's E Building Shed Its Pink Marble Skin." Washington Post. February 21, 2012. Archived Jan 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-03-xiii.
- ^ a b c d Dietsch, Deborah K. "National Gallery of Art's Famed E Building Gets a Facelift." Washington Business Journal. February 3, 2012. Archived Oct 18, 2015, at the Wayback Car Accessed 2013-03-13.
- ^ "The CIVITAS Chronicles". traditional-building.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-23.
- ^ "Prints". Nga.gov. 2013-06-nineteen. Archived from the original on 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2013-12-22 .
- ^ Boyle, Katherine. "National Gallery Acquires 'The Concert' by Dutch Gilt Historic period Painter Honthorst." Washington Post. November 22, 2013. Archived August 29, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-11-22.
- ^ Vogel, Carol "National Gallery Acquires a van Honthorst Masterwork." New York Times. November 21, 2013. Archived Feb 24, 2017, at the Wayback Auto Accessed 2013-eleven-22.
- ^ "Provenance". Nga.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2013-12-22 .
Farther reading [edit]
- David Cannadine, Mellon: An American Life, Knopf, 2006, ISBN 0-679-45032-7
- Neil Harris, Capital Culture: J. Carter Brown, the National Gallery of Art, and the Reinvention of the Museum Experience, University of Chicago Press, 2013, ISBN 9780226067704
- Andrew Kelly, Kentucky by Design: The Decorative Arts, American Culture, and the Alphabetize of American Design, University Press of Kentucky, 2015. ISBN 978-0-8131-5567-8
- "The National Gallery of Art, Washington", special number of Connaissance des Arts, Société Français de Promotion Artistique (2000) ISSN 1242-9198
External links [edit]
- Official website
- NGA Drove
- Section of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library
- Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art
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